Currently, miniature heat pipes cool central- and graphics-processing units in mainframe computers, as well as microprocessors found in laptop computers.
In addition, heat pipes increase the efficiency of solar water heaters. In such an application, heat pipes are sealed within a copper tube with distilled water inside, thus enabling efficient conduction of heat along the tube's length. Once placed in an evacuated glass tube, sunlight heats the copper tube. Evacuated-tube collectors also do not need the antifreeze additives that flat-plate collectors require.
Heat pipes are also used to dissipate heat at the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. If the permafrost melted, the pipeline would sink. To prevent such a disaster, more than , heat pipes mounted on top of the pipeline's vertical supports keep the permafrost frozen and intact by conducting heat from the supports to the ambient air. Today's modern electronics generate heat that can cause damage.
In space, such damage is irreparable. With its ability to transfer and dissipate heat, the heat pipe will continue to play a crucial role in cooling electronics such as computers, pipes along the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, and heat-sensitive electronics aboard satellites and spacecraft. Heat pipes on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline supports prevent hot oil moving through the pipeline from melting the permafrost. Photo courtesy of the United States Geological Survey.
All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use Privacy Policy. Jump to: home search phonebook banner navigation site navigation main content footer navigation. Home Phone Library Subscribe. Current Issue Past Issues Contacts. In this photo taken in the early s, physicist George Grover tests a heat pipe. Space Applications Although heat pipes were not used to conduct heat from a nuclear reactor's core, they have been successfully used to manage temperatures inside spacecraft, where the heat generated by electronic equipment can build up and damage equipment.
Other Applications Currently, miniature heat pipes cool central- and graphics-processing units in mainframe computers, as well as microprocessors found in laptop computers. In Closing Today's modern electronics generate heat that can cause damage. In this issue Will Rees. Los Alamos in Space. HOPE for all Mankind. Tightening the Belt. He was best known for his writings about ethics, government and logic; however, he also made some contributions to the natural sciences.
Aristotle was one of the first to consider irreversible changes in nature. In his view, the elements that specific matter processed would guide them along a path to a certain equilibrium. The changes made in ordered to achieve equilibrium were viewed as irreversible. After being accredited with the discovery of carbon dioxide and magnesium, this Scottish physicist-chemist was considered a peerless professor at the University of Edinburgh, and students were known to attend the same lecture twice or more.
Additional discovers by Black were the specific and latent heat of materials. These discoveries are associated with the beginning of thermodynamics and quickly lead to the use of the first rudimentary calorimeters to measure these qualities. These devices would surround a reaction crucible with tightly packed crushed ice, and the amount of water melted during the reaction was measured.
Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon marquis de Laplace were two well-known scientists who utilized these ice-based calorimeters in many investigations.
A true polymath, Johann Heinrich Lambert made contributions to many fields of science and mathematics including optics, astronomy and map projections. Scholars believe him to be one of the fathers of modern map design. For recognition of his work he achieved the sponsorship of Frederick II of Prussia, and the friendship of Leonhard Euler. Perhaps one of the least recognized works done including to the theory of heat conduction through solids.
He also realized that the geometry of the rod would influence this temperature profile, as heat is lost to the air at every point along the rod. The founder of photosynthesis, Jan Ingen-Housz, is relatively unknown.
This is more unusual when considering his renown at the time. He also discovered the cellular respiration of plants. For successfully vaccinating an entire royal family against smallpox he was rewarded with the position of personal physician to the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa.
Influenced by Benjamin Franklin, Ingen-Housz conducted an experiment where he applied a wax coating to many wires of varying metals and similar dimensions. He then dipped one end of these wires in hot oil. Although the wax melted completely on all wires, he recorded the rates at which the wax melted on each rod.
He attributed this aspect to the speed at which heat travels within each material. He concluded from the experiment that the wax on the silver wire melted the fastest, followed by copper, gold, tin, steel, iron and lead wire. Benjamin Thompson earned many ranks and titles for his admirative abilities during the American revolution.
Later he was made a minister and finally a count. During this time, he was also known for drawing designs for warships. He ended up doing so much experimentation related to explosives and heat that there is now a crater on the moon named after him.
One of Thompsons many scientific works for the military was his investigation into the insulative properties of materials. His goal was to find a fabric for the soldiers to wear that would better withstand the cold. He placed a thermometer into an evacuated glass bulb, along with a sample of the material he wished to examine.
Ensuring the bulb was full of the material and the thermometer was in the middle of the material. He then followed two methods; submerging the bulb in boiling water or submerging in ice water. The bulb when then submerged into either the hot or cold water and the rate of temperature change was recorded.
This last statement has since been proven incorrect. Eventually, he did succeed in inventing underwear with increased thermal protection. Benjamin Thompson. Jean Fourier was one of the greatest minds of mathematics. Most of his works are so fundamental that they are now applied in almost every area of natural sciences.
He also discovered the greenhouse effect by calculating what the temperature of the atmosphere should be if the only factor was the incoming heat from the sun and discovering the large discrepancy between his calculations and reality.
One of his genius concepts was the key to solving most problems that involve the diffusion of any property due to a gradient, including heat transfer. Electricity, chemical diffusion, fluids in porous media, genetics, and economics are just some of the other fields that this concept has been adapted to. This famous equation is still the basis of our modern understanding of heat diffusion and conduction.
As well as putting forth the basic principle of relativity, Galileo Galilei — laid important foundations in the area of science called kinematics. These discoveries would later be used as a basis to begin to explain how gases work and interact with heat. This law explained that the heat flow between two bodies was related to the ratio of their temperatures and was later used by Fourier in his investigations.
Other scientists have since ramified this issue with new equations that can be simplified in normal circumstances to be equivalent to the original heat equation. Efim Litovsky October 28, Paper Database September 29, Hundreds of thermal conductivity papers searchable by testing method, application or author.
Blog The Thermal Conductivity Blog features the latest announcements, news, perspectives, and more. Thermal Conductivity Renaissance Man April 1, Addressing the measurement of thermal conductivity and related thermal transport properties by Ron Tye. We Measure Everything September 10, We measure everything from Solids, liquids, fabrics, textile and more. Specific Heat Test Experiment June 11, Specific heat test experiment using a 3 different simple set up. Top Ten Resources A collection of Top 10 resources, ideas, tools, etc for people interested in thermal conductivity.
Specific Heat Capacity Test: The Method of Mixture May 13, Instructions on how to build and operate your own specific heat capacity test for your sample material. Rule of Mixtures Calculator January 30, The heat capacity of a mixture can be calculated using the rule of mixtures. What is Thermal Conductivity?
November 26, An easy to understand explanation of Thermal Conductivity and its importance. Andrzej Brzezinski September 12, John Koenig. Gernot Pottlacher. Robert Zarr. David R. Daniel Flynn. Ralph Dinwiddie. Ulf Hammerschmidt. Hans Groot. Silas E. Ludovit Kubicar. Peter Gaal. Tetsuya Baba. Kenneth E. William Wakeham. Didericus P. David W. ROY Taylor. Jochen Fricke. Paul Wagner. Ared Cezairliyan. Russell U. Merrill L.
Guy K. Robert Berman. John P. Ronald P. Yeram S. Ray E. Marek J. Laubitz September 11, Charles F. Paul G. David L. Reginald W. Klemens August 10, As a condensed matter physicist and emeritus professor of physics, Paul G. Touloukian Yeram Touloukian believed in the importance of high-quality research and was influential world-wide in the establishment of some of the best research facilities in thermophysical measurements.
Akira Nagashima Dr. Tetsuya Baba Specializing in the standards and metrology of thin film thermophysical properties, Dr. Gustafsson February 9, In , he was the invited speaker at the Thermophysics Conference, where he presented his paper titled: Possible Ways of Measuring the Thermal Transport Properties of Anisotrophic Materials.
Thermal Conductivity Pioneers Read about the earliest and more recent pioneers in the field of thermal conductivity measurements. Professor Sir William A. Wakeham FREng January 16, With a lifelong career devoted to research and leadership, over research items and 10, citations to his name, Wakeham is undoubtedly considered a founding father of modern thermal conductivity. Professor Marc J. Assael Ficheme January 12, With a career spanning over 35 years, Marc Assael has published more than papers in international journals, papers in conference proceedings, 29 chapters, and 9 books.
0コメント