In multicellular organisms, including humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism.
Media 5. Copyright by CrashCourse. Anatomists and health care providers use terminology for the purpose of precision and to reduce medical errors. Or is it at the base of the hand? Is it on the palm-side or back-side? By using precise anatomical terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. Anatomical terms derive from ancient Greek and Latin words. To further increase precision, anatomists standardize the way in which they view the body. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward as illustrated.
Using this standard position reduces confusion. It does not matter how the body being described is oriented, the terms are used as if it is in anatomical position.
A body that is lying down is described as either prone or supine. These terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures. Directional terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures.
Commit these terms to memory to avoid confusion when you are studying or describing the locations of particular body parts. A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. We call these scans. Body sections and scans can be correctly interpreted, however, only if the viewer understands the plane along which the section was made.
A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine:. The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments. The dorsal posterior cavity and the ventral anterior cavity are the largest body compartments Figure 5. These cavities contain and protect delicate internal organs, and the ventral cavity allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions.
The lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, for example, can expand and contract without distorting other tissues or disrupting the activity of nearby organs. The posterior dorsal and anterior ventral cavities are each subdivided into smaller cavities:. Tissue Membranes A tissue membrane is a thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body for example, skin , the organs for example, pericardium , internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body for example, abdominal mesenteries , and the lining of the movable joint cavities.
There are two basic types of tissue membranes: connective tissue and epithelial membranes Figure 5. There are three serous cavities and their associated membranes. Serous membranes provide additional protection to the viscera they enclose by reducing friction that could lead to inflammation of the organs. Figure 5.
The chemical level is at the apex of the pyramid where atoms bond to form molecules with three dimensional structures. An example is shown with two white hydrogen atoms bonding to a red oxygen atom to create water.
The next level down on the pyramid is the cellular level, as illustrated with a long, tapered, smooth muscle cell. At this level, a variety of molecules combine to form the interior fluid and organelles of a body cell. The next level down is the tissue level. A community of similar cells forms body tissue. In 20 cadaveric feet, we dissected out the GSV exploiting the above-mentioned cutaneous landmark. We then extended the dissection up as far as the medial pre-malleolar region from where the GSV is classically approached in order to be able to compare the diameter of the vein at the two different points in the foot and in the pre-malleolar region.
These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. Commit these terms to memory to avoid confusion when you are studying or describing the locations of particular body parts. A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut. We call these scans.
Body sections and scans can be correctly interpreted, only if the viewer understands the plane along which the section was made. A plane is an imaginary, two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine, as illustrated in Figure 1. The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments. The main cavities of the body include the cranial, thoracic and abdominopelvic also known as the peritoneal cavities.
The cranial bones create the cranial cavity where the brain sits. The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the rib cage and contains the lungs and the heart, which is located in the mediastinum. Although no membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic cavity, it can be useful to distinguish between the abdominal cavity, the division that houses the digestive organs , and the pelvic cavity, the division that houses the organs of reproduction. The more detailed regional approach subdivides the cavity with one horizontal line immediately inferior to the ribs and one immediately superior to the pelvis, and two vertical lines drawn as if dropped from the midpoint of each clavicle collarbone.
There are nine resulting regions. Ancient Greek and Latin words are used to build anatomical terms. In which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the frontal plane, and in which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the sagittal plane?
Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions.
To replace a Splitter utility with a bus split point: Double-click the Splitter label in the Router. Relevant effect pedals are moved to the right and are inserted into Bus A. Relevant effect pedals are moved to the left and are inserted into Bus A.
If you move the Splitter to the left, the split between Bus A and Bus B occurs at the earlier insertion point. If you move the Splitter to the right, the split between Bus A and Bus B occurs at the later insertion point. Route a pedal to Bus B Move the pointer above the Pedal area to open the Router, then click the name of a pedal in the Router.
To re-route the pedal to Bus A, click the name of the pedal in the Router again.
0コメント