The bones were shipped to eastern markets, where they were made into fertilizer, glue, and other products. Figure The plowing required 70 horses. Wash day on the homestead. Some of the men left the state to work in lumber camps; some worked on the railroad, and others hunted or trapped. While the men were gone, the women and children took care of the farmwork.
Women usually provided food and income by milking cows and raising poultry birds raised for eggs or meat. Women and children churned butter and gathered eggs.
These products were used not only by the family, but they could also be sold to neighbors or to a store or restaurant in town. Cows had to be milked twice a day every day for most of the year. Some people had hand-cranked separators, which separated the cream from the skim milk. To make butter, cream was placed in a churn. A common type of churn was a covered wooden container with a paddle turned by a hand crank.
The paddle rapidly stirred the cream as a person turned the crank. This was a job often done by children who were strong enough to crank the churn.
Women made their own soap out of lye, animal fat, and rain water. Lye is a very harsh substance that burns away particles.
The mixture had to be cooked for several hours, which caused people's eyes to water and gave off a bad smell. Just exactly the right amount of lye had to be added—too much and the soap burned the skin, or too little and the soap did not work. Nearly every homesteading family raised garden vegetables that were canned each fall. Meat was also canned after an animal was butchered. The canning process involved picking, cleaning, and cutting up the vegetables or preparing the meat, sterilizing the jars in boiling water, packing the jars, and heating the product by a certain method.
The canning process had to be done exactly right to avoid food poisoning or spoilage. View all Numbers Worksheets. View all Money Worksheets. Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home.
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This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members! To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free it only takes a minute and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! The pioneers were the first people to settle in the frontiers of North America.
Many of the pioneers were farmers. Others moved west, wanting to establish a business. There were doctors, blacksmiths, ministers, shop owners, lawyers, veterinarians, and many others. They went to Oregon, Texas , and other areas of the frontier for the land. This land was available for homesteading, and much of it was free or very cheap.
The farmland was rich and fertile. See the fact file below for more information on the pioneers or alternatively, you can download our page Pioneer worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom or home environment.
This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about pioneers across 20 in-depth pages. These are ready-to-use Pioneer worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about the pioneers who were the first people to settle in the frontiers of North America. Persistence, optimism, thrift, resourcefulness and the acceptance of unremitting hard work became character traits valued by succeeding generations long after pioneer conditions had passed.
Pioneer houses varied according to local building materials and the newcomers' origins and means. But in all cases, dwellings had to be designed to withstand Canada's long, cold winters. A settler's first house was usually a one-room structure made of logs, fieldstone, spruce poles or prairie sod see Log Houses ; Sod Houses.
Frame or brick houses with partitions, second storeys, glass windows and shingled roofs signalled the end of pioneering. The original dwelling was often then converted to a stable. Furniture was often homemade. Cloth for blankets and clothing, carpets to cover wood floors, pails, and children's toys were also homemade. The mending of boots, harnesses and tinware sometimes had to await the arrival of a travelling tradesman.
Providing fuel for the huge fireplaces, which were usually the dwelling's only source of heat, was a constant chore. Timber was plentiful in many areas but still had to be felled, trimmed, cut into lengths and carried home.
Pioneer diet depended on local produce and was generally nourishing but monotonous. Diaries and travellers' accounts see Exploration and Travel Literature tell of pork served three times a day, month-in and month-out. The meals varied only by incorporating coarsely ground meal cakes, stewed dried apples, preserved small fruits and berries, and potatoes and other root vegetables. But game, fish and wildfowl were abundant in most places, and home gardens, dairy cattle and domestic fowl soon led to a more rounded and appetizing menu.
Pioneers adapted familiar institutions such as churches, schools, local government, and the web of social manners and customs, to new conditions.
The characteristic co-operative principle found expression in community work parties — also known as bees — for house building, barn raising, clearing fields and making quilts. It was also reflected in local organization and relations between the sexes.
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