It comes from the interdependence that arises from specialization of work and the complementarities between people. The two types of solidarity can be distinguished by morphological and demographic features, type of norms in existence, and the intensity and content of the conscience collective.
Key Terms Solidarity : A bond of unity between individuals, united around a common goal or against a common enemy, such as the unifying principle that defines the labor movement.
Gesellschaft is maintained through individuals acting on their own self-interest. A modern business is a good example of Gesellschaft: the workers, managers, and owners may have very little in terms of shared orientations or beliefs, or they may not care deeply for the product they are making, but it is in all their self interest to come to work to make money, and, therefore, the business continues.
Gesellschaft society involves achieved status, or a status reached by education and professional advancement. Social cohesion in Gesellschaften typically derives from a more elaborate division of labor. Such societies are, therefore, potentially more susceptible to class conflict, as well as racial and ethnic conflicts.
As all conceptual models, these categories can be challenged by social change. For instance, during the social upheavals of the Reconstruction era in the United States, former slaves, whose kinship ties were forcibly disrupted under slavery, forged new communities that shared aspects of both Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. A current example of a Gemeinschaft community would be the Amish, whereas the United States would be considered a Gesellschaft society. Sociocultural evolution is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and societies have changed over time.
Most nineteenth century and some twentieth century approaches aimed to provide models for the evolution of humankind as a whole, argue that different societies are at different stages of social development.
Gerhard Lenski is an American sociologist known for contributions to the sociology of religion, social inequality, and ecological-evolutionary social theory. Agriculture : A tractor ploughing an alfalfa field circa He views technological progress as the most basic factor in the evolution of societies and cultures.
Unlike White, who defined technology as the ability to create and utilize energy, Lenski focuses on information, its amount and its uses. Collective Conscious : A conscience for Durkheim is preeminently the organ of sentiments and representations; it is not the rational organ that the term consciousness would imply.
He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.
Mechanical Solidarity Mechanical solidarity refers to connection, cohesion, and integration born from homogeneity, or similar work, education, religiosity, and lifestyle. Organic Solidarity Organic solidarity is born from the interdependence of individuals in more advanced societies, particularly professional dependence.
Provided by : Boundless. Provided by : Wikipedia. Meltafa, who did not accept the settlement and instead continued to fight so that everyone could benefit. Given that contributions to the NHI will be continuous, this lack of long-term commitment may be problematic.
Solidarity is a shared recognition of a common good that holds a group together. An opportunity for collective action could be thought to be represented by voting in elections for local political leaders.
However, participants dismissed this form of representative democracy as a meaningful channel for realizing rights claims, feeling that their vote was unlikely to make a difference.
Moreover, they expressed being afraid of claiming their rights in government institutions since they feared they might be shouted at or sent away. Maria Stuttaford et al. Ways for communities to influence decision making in the NHI will be critical if collective action is expected to help generate social solidarity for the NHI.
Participants mentioned various ideas regarding the necessary elements for engaging in collective action. One idea was that community members should engage in government institutions and serve on boards responsible for decision making. We recognize that this study did not include the voices of the economically wealthier.
For future research efforts, it would be important to explore the social solidarity and collective action framework with diverse populations in order to offer broader insights into how health goals related to universal health care can be reconciled with rights claims to health in a future NHI in South Africa.
Our research findings suggest that the road to achieving the right to health and universal health care via the implementation of the NHI will be complex. Our findings suggest that collective action and solidarity are valued but are considered to function only in the context of small-scale trusted circles. The key question remains how this solidarity and collective action can be expanded for NHI implementation. Experiences from the Learning Network for Health and Human Rights provide insights regarding opportunities for collective action by showing that small-scale individual acts such as shared learning about health and human rights or local initiatives can work toward the collective good.
The exploration of reciprocity showed a key opportunity for collective action by acknowledging self-interest as a driver. User payments to the NHI can be framed as individual acts toward collective health, and the expectation of benefits for oneself can form a basis for collective action if combined with the existence of altruism and certainty of future rewards. This relates to the willingness to cross-subsidize those who are worse off or sicker than oneself.
Our findings also point to certain areas that require strengthening in order for the NHI to succeed. A basis of trust should be established between the government and South African society. However, there are concerns about the exclusion of civil society in the establishment of the NHI.
If the government can reestablish a basis of trust and acceptance among civil society, there might be an opportunity for South Africans to benefit from the solidarity and collective health that the NHI envisages.
Renate Douwes, MSc, is an honorary research associate at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, and currently works for Simavi, a Dutch nongovernmental organization in the field of sexual and reproductive health and rights. Hunt and G. Ooms, A. Latif, A. Waris, et al. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G. Gruskin and B. London, C. Himonga, N. Fick, and M. Friedman and S.
Hunt and Backman see note 1 ; London see note 7 , pp. Durkheim, The division of labor in society: A study of the organization of higher societies Paris: Les Presses Universitaires de France, Himonga, M. Taylor, and A. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa , sec. Mubangizi and B. London, N. Fick, K. Tram, and M. Fusheini and J. Pillay and P. Mayosi, J. Lawn, A. Mayosi et al. Available at www.
Goudge, J. Akazili, J. Ataguba, et al.
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